Monday, December 23, 2019

Card 405- Rough Draft Portfolio - 1921 Words

Natalia Perez Portfolio September 28, 2012 Table of Contents Statement of Authenticity †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Personal Mission Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Elevator Speech †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Education†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Resume†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 Professional development and Training †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..10 Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Reference List †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Awards and Accomplishments †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Volunteer History †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14 Professional Affiliations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 Career Path†¦show more content†¦I will also inspire my children to dream and reach for those dreams just by telling them my experiences in my life. At the end of my life I would hope that I have taught my children what is the best decision which will go on for many generations. Elevator Speech Hello, my name is Ani Ohanian. I recently graduated from DeVry University. I majored in Business Administration with a concentration on Health Services Management. I am looking to find a job that I can help achieve my goals. Would you happen to know anyone that is hiring? Education 1. Plan of Study DeVry University Sherman Oaks, CA Business Administration concentration Health Services Management BSBA candidate June 2013 Dean’s List 2. Course Description ACCT 212 Financial Accounting This course focuses on ways in which financial statements reflect business operations and emphasizes use of financial statements in the decision-making process. The course encompasses all business forms and various sectors such as merchandising, manufacturing and service. Students make extensive use of spreadsheet applications to analyze accounting records and financial statements. Prerequisites: COMP100 and MATH114 / 4-4 ACCT 346Show MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesand time baseline schedule (1.3.5) [8.1.3] 6.5.2.3 Critical chain method Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Reducing Project Duration Leadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management ChapterRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesexternal innovation. Biotechs were contributing an increasing share of the industry’s new products via licensing deals. Procter and Gamble actually closed internal Discovery efforts in 2006, with the declared intention of in-licensing its entire portfolio. The company argued that in-house efforts could not hope to keep pace with, nor offer the choice and impact of, external innovation. Some questioned whether the levels of RD investment could be sustained. For example, in 2005 there were nearly 650Read MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesSystem Project 400 401 Purchasing Advantages and Disadvantages Special Case: Enterprise System Packages Open Source Software 405 402 403 390 354 Contents New Purchasing Option: Application Service Providers (ASPs) 406 Review Questions 408 †¢ Discussion Questions 408 †¢ Bibliography 409 Chapter 11 IT Project Management 410 IT Portfolio Management 411 Project Management Roles 412 Project Manager 412 Project Sponsor and Champion Roles 413 Project InitiationRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagessystems in class, a set of â€Å"clicker† questions (see JoinInâ„ ¢ on TurningPoint  ® under Instructor Resources—Media) for assessing student understanding is available. ââ€"   ââ€"   Student Resources ââ€"   Available Online If your text includes a printed access card, you will have instant access to the following resources referenced throughout your text: ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ThomsonNOWâ„ ¢ (see below for a full description of this powerful study tool). Complete step-by-step instructions for MINITAB, Excel, TI-83 GraphingRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesOrganizational democracy and a case against managerialism The economic efficiency case for organizational democracy: a challenge to managerialism? Destabilized capitalism Employee alienation as the key problem Conclusions 387 392 395 399 401 404 405 408 412 413 414 416 421 Chapter 10 Perspectives and challenges Introduction Comparing the different perspectives A modernist perspective A neomodernist perspective A new-wave perspective A postmodern perspective A reflective perspective A criticalRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesidentification documents for new employees, who also must sign verification forms about their eligibility to work legally in the United States. Employers must ask for proof of identity, such as a driver’s license with a picture, Social Security card, birth certificate, immigration permit, or other documents. The required I—9 form must be completed by all new employees within 72 hours. Conviction and Arrest Records Court decisions consistently have ruled that using records of arrests, ratherRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesprimary document used for Priorities Committee review is called the project proposal. THE PROJECT PROPOSAL LIFE CYCLE When a user department determines a need for the development or enhancement of an information system, it is required to prepare a draft containing a statement of the problem from its functional perspective. The problem statement is sentljy[bnto the president of ISD, who authorizes Systems Research (see Exhibit I) to prepare an impact statement. This impact statement will include aRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagespolicies, geographic comparisons, and the McDonnell-Douglas Test. Remember, however, that each of these tests is simply an indicator that risky practices may have occurred. It is up to a judicial body to make the final determination. 4/5ths rule A rough indicator of discrimination, this rule requires that the number of minority members a company hires must equal at least 80 percent of the majority members in the population hired. The 4/5ths Rule One of the first measures of determining potentiallyRead MoreIncome Taxation Solutions Manual 1 300300 Words   |  1202 Pagesincludes both a business operation and a portfolio of investments. In this situation, it would not be appropriate to use the capitalization of earnings method for the entire entity because the risks associated with business operation are different from the investment activity. Instead, it would be appropriate to value each activity independently. For example, the business would be valued using a capitalization of earnings approach but the investment portfolio would be valued using an asset approachRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesthis through word of mouth, emails, and instant messages. But they were again running out of money, despite the now $1 million in funding that they had collected from Bechtolsheim and other early investors, and through borrowing on their credit cards. But it was clear that with upward of 500,000 searches per day toward the end of the year, they needed much more money. In the boomtown climate of Silicon Valley in early 1999, a public stock offering was one option, even though Google had no profits

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Control of the Corporation, Mergers and Acquisitions Free Essays

The Agency Problem and Control of the Corporation, Mergers and Acquisitions The Agency Problem and Control of the Corporation Corporate managers are the agents of shareholders. This relation creates a problem for shareholders who must find ways to induce managers to pursue shareholders interests. Financial managers do act in the best interest of the shareholders by taking action to increase the stock value. We will write a custom essay sample on Control of the Corporation, Mergers and Acquisitions or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, in large corporations ownership can be spread over a huge number of stockholders. It has been mentioned that this agency problem arises whenever a manager owns less than 100 percent of the firm’s shares. Because the manager bears only a fraction of the cost when his behavior reduces the firm value, he is unlikely to act in the shareholders’ best interest. Let’s just say that management and stockholder interests might differ, imagine that the firm is considering a new investment, and the investment is expected to favorably impact the share value, but is relatively a risky venture. Owners of the firm will then wish to take the investment because the stock will rise, but management may not with the fear of there jobs being lost. One obvious mechanism that can work to reduce the agency problem is increased manager insider shareholding. But, even where managerial wealth permits this is costly since it precludes efficient risk bearing. Other mechanisms are also available. More concentrated shareholdings by outsiders can induce increased monitoring by these outsiders and so improve performance by a firm’s own managers. Similarly, greater outside representation on corporate boards can result in more effective monitoring of managers, and the market for managers also can improve managerial performance by causing managers to become concerned with their reputation among prospective employers. The available theory and evidence are consistent with the view that stockholders control the firm and that stockholder wealth maximization is the relevant goal of the corporation. The stockholders elect the board of directors, who, in turn, hire and fire management. Even so, there will undoubtedly be times when management goals are pursued at the expense of the stockholders, at least temporarily. Mergers and Acquisitions An acquisition, also known as a takeover or a buyout or â€Å"merger†, is the buying of one company (the ‘target’) by another. An acquisition may be friendly or hostile. In the former case, the companies cooperate in negotiations; in the latter case, the takeover target is unwilling to be bought or the target’s board has no prior knowledge of the offer. Acquisition usually refers to a purchase of a smaller firm by a larger one. Sometimes, however, a smaller firm will acquire management control of a larger or longer established company and keep its name for the combined entity. This is known as a reverse takeover. Another type of acquisition is reverse merger a deal that enables a private company to get publicly listed in a short time period. A reverse merger occurs when a private company that has strong prospects and is eager to raise financing buys a publicly listed shell company, usually one with no business and limited assets. Achieving acquisition success has proven to be very difficult, while various studies have shown that 50% of acquisitions were unsuccessful. The acquisition process is very complex, with many dimensions influencing its outcome Although they are often uttered in the same breath and used as though they were synonymous, the terms merger and acquisition mean slightly different things. When one company takes over another and clearly establishes itself as the new owner, the purchase is called an acquisition. From a legal point of view, the target company ceases to exist, the buyer â€Å"swallows† the business and the buyer’s stock continues to be traded. In the pure sense of the term, a merger happens when two firms agree to go forward as a single new company rather than remain separately owned and operated. This kind of action is more precisely referred to as a â€Å"merger of equals†. The firms are often of about the same size. Both companies’ stocks are surrendered and new company stock is issued in its place. For example, in the 1999 merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham, both firms ceased to exist when they merged, and a new company, GlaxoSmithKline, was created. †¢In practice, however, actual mergers of equals don’t happen very often. Usually, one company will buy another and, as part of the deal’s terms, simply allow the acquired firm to proclaim that the action is a merger of equals, even if it is technically an acquisition. Being bought out often carries negative connotations, therefore, by describing the deal euphemistically as a merger, deal makers and top managers try to make the takeover more palatable. An example of this would be the takeover of Chrysler by Daimler-Benz in 1999 which was widely referred to in the time, and is still now, as a merger of the two corporations. The buyer buys the shares, and therefore control, of the target company being purchased. Ownership control of the company in turn conveys effective control over the assets of the company, but since the company is acquired intact as a going concern, this form of transaction carries with it all of the liabilities accrued by that business over its past and all of the risks that company faces in its commercial environment. †¢The buyer buys the assets of the target company. The cash the target receives from the sell-off is paid back to its shareholders by dividend or through liquidation. This type of transaction leaves the target company as an empty shell, if the buyer buys out the entire assets. A buyer often structures the transaction as an asset purchase to â€Å"cherry-pick† the assets that it wants and leave out the assets and liabilities that it does not. This can be particularly important where foreseeable liabilities may include future, unquantified damage awards such as those that could arise from litigation over defective products, employee benefits or terminations, or environmental damage. A disadvantage of this structure is the tax that many jurisdictions, particularly outside the United States, impose on transfers of the individual assets, whereas stock transactions can frequently be structured as like-kind exchanges or other arrangements that are tax-free or tax-neutral, both to the buyer and to the seller’s shareholders A purchase deal will also be called a merger when both CEOs agree that joining together is in the best interest of both of their companies. But when the deal is unfriendly that is, when the target company does not want to be purchased it is always regarded as an acquisition. Whether a purchase is considered a merger or an acquisition really depends on whether the purchase is friendly or hostile and how it is announced. In other words, the real difference lies in how the purchase is communicated to and received by the target company’s board of directors, employees and shareholders. It is quite normal though for M deal communications to take place in a so called ‘confidentiality bubble’ whereby information flows are restricted due to How to cite Control of the Corporation, Mergers and Acquisitions, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Impact of Single-Sex and Co-education on Academics- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theImpact of Single-Sex and Co-education on Academics. Answer: Education is important for any individual for surviving in the present-day competitive World. The educational institutions for meeting out education on a variety of topics are of two types namely single-sex education centres and co-educational centres. The single-sex educational centres are the places where students of both genders, attend classes in different buildings or schools. This practice was frequent in the earlier times. The co-educational centres are those where the boys and girls attend classes together. These centres have become common only after the twentieth century. There is a lot of contradiction on the issue of education with one sex or co-education being better than the other. According to studies it is believed that differentiating boys or girls by classrooms or institutions increases the accomplishment of the students and also their inclination towards studies. Several studies have been conducted in order to estimate the differences of the concentration of the stu dents in single-sex as well as co-educational centres (Pahlke, Hyde Allison, 2014). Related to the single sex education there are researches which show that it is a beneficial educational format with benefits ranging from confidence and empowerment to newer and innovative activities as well as better achievement levels for those boys and girls who are educated in single-sex education institutions compared to the co-educational centres. The major benefits are discussed as follows: There is a more relaxed environment in the institutions with single-sex education. Despite being academically strong the boys and girls have a more better operational and better study environment where they do not have to worry about the reactions of the other gender. The students are more open towards taking risks in these situations as they do not have to worry about failing in front of the other sex. In single sex education schools teachers do not have to beg their students for participating in class discussions (Jackson, 2012). There are also fewer cliques in the single-sex education schools. In girls schools for example they do not have to worry about being impressive in order to appeal to the guys and can concentrate on their studies. On the other hand in case of boys schools they do not have the pressure of being cool and can actually be methodical instead of being cruel or boisterous. The single sex schools can pertain to the actual needs of the students by involving a proper and tailored curriculum. Prevailing norms or orthodox attitudes do not prevail in case of these institutions. There are fewer gender stereotype instances in single-sex schools. This is due to the reason that girls or boys do not need to shy away from their actual preferences in the single sex education institutions as the fear of being judged by the opposite sex is absent. One of the most significant benefits is lesser amount of pressure on the students to be adults all too soon. In single-sex institutions there is no requirement for them to be unnatural in any way and proper childlike reactions are encouraged (Dale, 2017). According to studies as well as popular perceptions, there are certain benefits of co-educational institutions as well. These schools and institutions lead to the confidence among the students to perform better among members of both the genders. These schools are the reflection of the diversity in the society. It is believed that the students of these schools are better prepared for the workforce. The collaboration between both the sexes in the schools and other educational institutions helps them to create a positive self image and emerge leaders in various fields of their interest. In this scenario students are also exposed to role models of both sexes in seniors as well as teachers. Basically the co-educational scenario provides a much more realistic situation of training of young people for taking their places naturally in the society which includes both men and women. It assists in removing the wrong notions of both the genders about each other and a brilliant foundation is prov ided for the development of realistic, meaningful as well as everlasting relationships in life. Thus it can be said that there are several benefits of co-educational schools apart from the drawbacks (Cherney Campbell, 2011). The results of studies related to the academic outcomes of the single-sex and co-educational institutions show that the single-sex educational institutions do not confer the actual advantages which are stated by the proponents. Outcomes such as the gender stereotyping as well as the educational institutions have been found to be advantageous for the SS schooling though not much. It has been found however that not much of significant differences exist in case of the girls academic performance in both types of institutions (Mahony, 2012). The statistical studies shows that the differences in the academic outcomes. References: Cherney, I. D., Campbell, K. L. (2011). A league of their own: Do single-sex schools increase girls participation in the physical sciences?.Sex roles,65(9-10), 712. Dale, R. R. (2017).Mixed Or Single-sex School? Volume 3: Attainment, Attitudes and Overview. Routledge. Jackson, C. K. (2012). Single-sex schools, student achievement, and course selection: Evidence from rule-based student assignments in Trinidad and Tobago.Journal of Public Economics,96(1), 173-187. Mahony, P. (2012).Schools for the boys?: co-education reassessed(Vol. 72). Routledge. Pahlke, E., Hyde, J. S., Allison, C. M. (2014). The effects of single-sex compared with coeducational schooling on students performance and attitudes: A meta-analysis. Pdfs.semanticscholar.org. (2017). Retrieved 6 October 2017, from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cde6/e26de5

Saturday, November 30, 2019

Why The United States Dropped The Atomic Bomb Per Essay Example For Students

Why The United States Dropped The Atomic Bomb: Per Essay suasive Essay The atomic bomb is the subject of much controversy. Since its first detonation in 1945, the entire world has heard the aftershocks of that blast. Issues concerning Nuclear Weapons sparked the Cold War. We also have the atomic bomb to thank for our relative peace in this time due to the fear of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). The effects of the atomic bomb might not have been the exact effects that the United States was looking for when they dropped Little Boy and Fat Man on Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively (Grant, 1998). We will write a custom essay on Why The United States Dropped The Atomic Bomb: Per specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The original desire of the United States government when they dropped Little Boy and Fat Man on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not, in fact, the one more commonly known: that the two nuclear devices dropped upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki were detonated with the intention of bringing an end to the war with Japan, but instead to intimidate the Soviet Union. The fact of Japans imminent defeat, the undeniable truth that relations with Russia were deteriorating, and competition for the division of Europe prove this without question. Admittedly, dropping the atomic bomb was a major factor in Japans decision to accept the terms laid out at the Potsdam agreement otherwise known as unconditional surrender. The fact must be pointed out, however, that Japan had already been virtually defeated. (McInnis, 1945) Though the public did not know this, the allies, in fact, did. Through spies, they had learned that both Japans foreign minister, Shigenori Togo and Emperor Hirohito both supported an end to the war (Grant, 1998). Even if they believed such reports to be false or inaccurate, the leaders of the United States also knew Japans situation to be hopeless. Their casualties in defending the doomed island of Okinawa were a staggering 110,000 and the naval blockade which the allies had enforced whittled trade down to almost nothing. Japan was quickly on the path to destruction. (Grant, 1998). Of course, the Allies ignored this for the reason that dropping the atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki would intimidate Russia. Had they truly been considering saving more lives and bringing a quick end to the war in Japan, they would have simply waited them out without the major loss of life seen at both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. At the Yalta conference, Franklin Delano Roosevelt asked Josef Stalin for Russian support in the war with Japan. (Claypool, 1984) In return for Russian Support against Japan, Roosevelt agreed to terms that some historians feel helped create more tension between the two countries because it gave Russia too much power in world affairs. (Claypool, 1984, Pg. 53) At the time, Roosevelt was not confident that the United States could win the war easily without Russian support. He simply assumed that Japan would have to be invaded (Claypool, 1984). After Roosevelts death on April 12, 1945, Truman was sworn in as President of the United States (Claypool, 1984). As situations developed and progress on the atomic bomb continued to increase, Truman felt that a Russian invasion of Japanese territory might not be necessary. If the atomic bomb was effective, there was no need to have the Russians invade Manchuria. . . There was always the possibility that a Russian invasion might mean communist rule after the war. (Claypool, 1984, Pg. 78) It was quite apparent, in fact, to many world leaders that the United States did not want Russian intervention once work on the atomic bomb had been completed. In fact, Prime Minister Winston Churchill has been quoted writing: It is quite clear that the United States do not at the present time desire Russian participation in the war against Japan.' (Claypool, 1984, Pg. 78) As World War II came to a closure, two new superpowers emerged: the United States and the Soviet Union. The United States obviously felt that if they could prove to the world that they had superior weaponry, that it would be held in the highest regard by all nations of the world. Hiroshima and Nagasaki gave them the power to do just that. .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 , .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .postImageUrl , .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 , .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5:hover , .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5:visited , .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5:active { border:0!important; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5:active , .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teamwork Essay It is apparent that because of the troubled relations with Russia, and the confidence that the .

Monday, November 25, 2019

Asteroid, Meteor, Or Comet Impact On The Earth! Essays - Astronomy

Asteroid, Meteor, Or Comet Impact On The Earth! Essays - Astronomy Asteroid, Meteor, Or Comet Impact On The Earth! Richie Nover Per. 2 Science Regents Paper Project One Asteroid, Meteor, or Comet Impact on the Earth! An asteroid is a small or minor planets that are members of the solar system and move in elliptical orbits. Usually found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. A comet is relatively small, rocky, and icy. It revolves around the sun. When a comet passes close to the sun some of the ice turns to gas. This gas and some loose dust creates a long, bright tail that trails behind the comet. A meteor is a small solid object entering a planets atmosphere from outer space. Meteors sometimes come as fireballs, and shooting or falling stars. If anyone of these hit the earth, even something relatively small in size, it would do great damage. If a relatively small 200-meter asteroid hit an ocean it would create devastation to all cities near the coast. This is because it would create an enormous wave that would be like a tremendous wall of water that would cause all of the large cities on the coast to be under water. If a one-kilometer asteroid hit the land it would create a dust cloud that would block the sun and all food production would be destroyed. This dust cloud would cover the earth for years and years. A 400-500 kilometer object were to hit, it would evaporate all the oceans on the earth. If a 1500 kilometer object were to hit it would vaporize rocks and other debris, the temperature would rise to 2000k, the atmosphere would exceed 100 times more pressure than now, it would flash steam the oceans, and there would not be a drop of rain for 2000 to 3000 years. There have been evidences that in the past there have been impacts to our planet. Around 50,000 years ago a meteor hit the earth with around a 20 to 40 megaton explosion. In this area lived mammoths, sloth, bison, packrats, mastodons, mountain goats, camel, horses, and tapirs. At ground zero animals and plants were immediately vaporized. Wind scoured the land in a 3 to 5 km radius from the point of impact. The land was buried by ejected and overturned bedrock. One half of anything within 9 to 14 km would die from the air blasts. But the impact effects would only be severe within an 800 to 1500km area. No global extinction would occur. Yet on the evidence from the impact around 65 million years ago was a global catastrophe. Animal extinctions, plants died, atmosphere black out and vaporization of oceans those were some of the things that come with this impact. In the case of knowing we are having a catastrophic impact how would we deal with it? For a smaller asteroid we would use evacuations. Also not knowing if they would work, missiles could be aimed towards incoming objects to deflect then away from the earth. And even solar powered motors on the object could also be used to change the direction of the object. I take the threats of impacts very seriously. But the information I have read in these packets has shown no particularly bad impacts from space for the next hundred to ten thousand years. I feel safe knowing this information. I am for government funding to go towards precautionary measures. Even though its not a very high chance, there is a chance of impacts and they should be dealt with.

Friday, November 22, 2019

A Scene Analysis of Julius Caesar, a Play by William Shakespeare

A Scene Analysis of Julius Caesar, a Play by William Shakespeare Shakespeare has been mesmerizing people with his written word for hundreds of years, from his sonnets to his plays. His stories deal with love, betrayal, murder, death, and even suicide; even in the story of Julius Caesar does he touch up on this subject. Act one Scene 3 is the part of the play where the meteor showers attack the city of Rome, and where Cassius admits how strongly he is opposed to Caesar’s rule. The scene is supposed to be a turning point for the show in the sense it is revealed just how terribly Caesar is viewed by Cassisus, and just how far Cassius will go to make sure he does not see him rule. Shakespeare did this by portraying his characters emotions accurately and appropriately. The scene opens with the characters Casca and Cicero both are public figures in Rome, both are discussing the fiery storm outside that is come out of nowhere. Casca believes it to be a bad omen of what is to come, while Cicero things it is nothing more than a natural occurrence. Once Cicero exits the character Cassius enters, he explains how he believes that the Oman is the Gods way of foreshadowing things to come, and that unlike Cicero he sees no reason to fear the Gods. This is where Cassius’ â€Å"big head† to say is revealed, he states this â€Å"You are dull, Casca, and those sparks of that should be in a Roman you do want, or else you use not† (Act 1 Scene 3 Page 3). Without saying Cassius has just insulted Cicero, and stated he believes there is no reason to fear the Gods, since they are simply displeased with one act and not many. This shows in his characterization that Cassius believes himself to be superior to others, maybe that is due to the fact he is a talented general in the military, and that he is quite sly. During the course of the scene he reveals that he would rather kill himself then see a man like Caesar rule his country. â€Å"Now could I, Casca, name to thee a man most like this dreadful night, that thunders, lightens, opens graves, and roars as doth the lion in the Capitol A man no mightier than thyself or me in personal action, yet prodigious grown, and fearful as these strange eruptions are† (Act 1 Scene 3 Page 3-4). Cassius is speaking of Caesar as to the fact that he believes that the Gods are unhappy with him coming to the capitol to be crowned king. In past scenes, Shakespeare has made it clear that people do not think he is ready to rule, but this scene shows how far someone would go to not see him rule. Cassius decides to go to the extreme, â€Å"I know where I will wear this dagger then. Cassius from bondage will deliver Cassius† (Act 1 Scene 3 Page 4). He would rather kill himself then see Ceasar rule, while Shakespeare has used suicide as a plot point in the past this one varies from the rest by the choices he made in the scene. Shakespeare in scene three does not leave Cassius alone to ponder his death in his head, he provides a friends for him to explain his plan to. Nor does Cassius give a depressing reasoning or say goodbyes, he simply just wants it known he is killing himself for a cause he truly believes in rather than for depression. A bond is shown though through Cassius and Casca by the fact that Cassius trusts him enough to share with him this plan, without fear of betrayal, and Casca understands his point of view showing how great the friendship they hold is. The last part of the scene is the turning point of the whole play. Cassius plans to trick Brutus into believing that Caesar is now corrupt ruler, which will ultimately lead to Caesars death. Making the scene a pivotal moment in the show, and one that no Spector could forget about. Shakespeare work will not die out easily nor will it be easily forgotten for those who read one of his plays. This scene is about how strong someone must believe in something to accomplish it, and the relationships people have with another. Shakespeare made this message clear throughout the whole scene. There are few writers who have that talent and ability, and by using his characters true emotions, placing characters appropriately together, to make a truly memorable scene.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Disability - Essay Example However, the experiences encountered served to improve the quality of my life. Through medical treatment, I even visited the US a number of times, a luxury several individuals lacked. ‘You are a very lucky child’ my mother kept telling me. I did not know the meaning of that until I could dance and exercise with my friends at 18 years old. Among the triplets, I was the only one born with a disability. My right foot was completely disabled and found it as if all hell was on me when it came to walking. I later came to note that it was ‘club foot’ as referred to by doctors. Initially, it was a nightmare for me to understand because of two reasons: I was a child and was the only one with the disability. ‘Why me’ I wondered most of the times. However, most of the doctors in my city (Maracaibo as one of them) claimed that even with the surgery and therapy that I was to undergo, it was not a guarantee for a normal life like other human beings. My parents’ resilience in searching for a competent doctor resulted in a contact with a Miami based doctor. He was a specialist and dealt with clubfoot in children. His name was Doctor Peter Romano. He was my ‘savior’ as he assured me that I would walk again and continue with my duties just as the other kids would do. As activists claim, the disabled have to go against all social, economic, political, and legal odds to make it in life. Davis identifies the historical struggles that the disabled underwent to secure the same privileges as guaranteed by the law (Davis, 16). However, I was lucky as the people around me supported me in all ways. Following intense research, I found out that clubfoot has no main cause and is caused by many syndromes (Adams 12). ‘Do your job as long as she will walk like me’ I recall my mother saying to the doctor. At the time, stigma in relation to disability study was a major factor affecting the U.S. (Longmore 350). However, the breakthrough

Monday, November 18, 2019

Mary Schwartz and Beach Electrical Systems Case Study

Mary Schwartz and Beach Electrical Systems - Case Study Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Mary’s absences pose many problems to the organization. Under social learning theory, employees will model behaviors of those in the workplace that they witness receiving reward or punishment. Since Mary was never even given a warning for her past experience, there are risks that employees will model her behaviors. She was considered a credible role model and under social learning theory, employees might reproduce her behaviors believing they can also get away with higher absences. There is one problem, though. Mary’s excellent employment record is documented with employee appraisals. This means that in her employment file there is evidence that she is a model employee. This could make it more difficult for the organization to develop a case against her termination. It is only the opinion of the management team that she has suddenly failed to meet performance expectations. This can be easily challenged by her many merits in her employment file for performance success. From the point of view of the organization, the past employment record should not have anything to do with her being terminated today. However, legally, Mary has much support for winning an argument that she was wrongly terminated based on her track record. Due to her current negative attitude and ongoing absences, the business has the ethical right to terminate her employment. The Health and Safety Executive warns that it is not good practice for companies to make assumptions about what causes an employee to be absent. This is because there are many laws established that protect her. Mary is a protected class employee under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and this makes the situation even more sensitive. However, from the organizational view, the business requires individuals who are team-focused and ready to contribute to meeting performance standards and strategic goals.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The Pharmaceutical Industry Essay Example for Free

The Pharmaceutical Industry Essay 1) Describe the nature of supplying drugs to emerging markets at an affordable price without undermining their profits 2) Research and analyze in depth the effectiveness of one proposed policy response to this issue. (To use economics theory to analyze)    A drug described as a pharmaceutical product used to treat illness, made up of a chemically defined amount of pharmaceutically active ingredients. On the contrary a vaccine is a pharmaceutical product, a biological medicine is difficult to homogenize since it is designed using living systems. It is basically used for preventive purposes. Although the relative importance may vary, a number of facts that impact access to drugs vaccines are similar. [Milstien et. al, 2005] Patents, the monopolies granted by the State for a specified length of time for the commercial exploitation of a scientific or technological invention[navy Blue] are considered important incase of drugs so as to limit general access, as compared to vaccines. However the organizations are dependant on their patents the challenges faced by them, for gaining business; often disagreeing on this by saying that the patent protection has been exaggerated in World Health Organization list only 90% drugs are off- patent. [Strain 2007]   Ã‚   AIDS, a health calamity of unparalleled magnitude, caused by a virus in an individual, the plague must be seen as an economic, social political occurrence killing millions, while the international organizations have been trying to control the epidemic since the past 2 decades after identifying HIV, primarily caused by peoples sexual risk behavior . Leading organizations like the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) states that patents that range up to thousands of dollars, are vital for the protection of investments involved in research development of innovative drugs, failure of which may make it difficult to recover their investments for further projects. Some countries like India do not recognize the patents therefore successfully manufactures generic AIDS cheaply, however obstructions like primitive distribution systems cultural taboos did not allow them to succeed. Mainly the health problems are caused due to many factors overshadowing the under developed world like poverty, lack of health services, clean water proper sanitation. Non availability of efficient affordable medication treatments is the most important factor in this crisis. It is estimated that as a result of many infectious diseases like as acute respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, malaria and tuberculosis around 14 million people die globally. Mostly in Africa South- East Asia infectious diseases alone are responsible for 45% deaths annually, the rate is high even in developing countries. [The health crisis in developing countries] In the developing countries each day around 8000 patients die of AIDS, in contrast to the West, where people always have had access to competent medicines    The year 2001 witnessed a rigorous increase in the AIDS crises in Africa, with statistics declaring more than 30 million HIV positive citizens. An important fact to consider is that the highly patented HIV drugs are more acute than any other disease. AIDS HIV patients in developed countries are getting extensive benefits since 1996, as a result living better improved lives through the expensive combinational anti-retroviral drug therapy (or HAART) which costs about 15,000 US Dollars per year. People living in under developed countries like Africa cannot afford such expensive treatments having only $10 per person [Watts, 2002]. This catastrophe has affected people all around the world, putting the Pharmaceutical companies in a dilemma, by having to choose between their philanthropic penchants their duty to achieve a profit. Especially the international community being burdened with extraordinary pressure regarding worldwide health issues, the pharmaceutical industry has become a fundamental feature of humanitarian work.   Ã‚   According to surveys, from the 39 million people who are suffering with AIDS globally, 25 million are in sub- Saharan Africa with life expectancy to fall by 20 years by the year 2010 due to AIDS HIV. 5 million people got infected in 2004, while 3.1 million died from AIDS. In Zimbabwe, life expectancy at birth was 34 years in 2003, compared with 52 years in 1990, Infection rate are still ranging high especially in China, ex- Russian federation states. The fundamental subject is the high costs of AIDS treatments. The standard cost of 1 years worth the standard treatment, a combination of 3 antiretroviral drugs, is estimated at US$10,000-15,000 as a result, the treatment out of reach of most people in the developing world, where 95% of the people with HIV are from (As quoted in The health crisis in developing countries). 9 out of 10 people infected with the virus are not receiving the required help in order to reduce the disease to a chronic condition. In the global market, pharmaceutical companies in Africa, Asia China represent less than 7%. From 1975 to 1996, among 1223 pharmaceutical products developed to fight diseases, only 11 were designed specifically for tropical illnesses. Maybe in 5 – 7 years vaccines will be developed for AIDS, the Global AIDS Fund needs between $ 10 to 15 billion to fight AIDS, however only $ 6.1 billion was received in 2004 or the US AIDS relief program. [The AIDS Epidemic and Pharmaceutical Companies, 2005] The Trade- related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS) in year 1995, guaranteeing protection of patents across the international market included pharmaceutical products along with other services in the World Trade Organization structure.   Ã‚   The recent years have seen the wealthy governments focusing vast amounts to treat the issues highlighting the world such as lack of clean water, the treatments of infectious diseases that eradicated 11 million people every year, the AIDS death rate is now exceeding by 3 million annually according to the World Health Organization (WHO). After increased pressure by the charity groups around the world such as Oxfam Medicins sans Frontieres to promote the easy availability of drugs, one of the leading global pharmaceutical organizations has planned to lower the cost of its HIV AIDS medicines in 63 poorest countries of the world. It is therefore extremely important for the pharmaceutical industries to take part in the fight against global health issues. However their main focus is the safeguarding of revenue not working on humanitarian inclination, often adopting strategies that eventually damage the mounting issues. [Strain 2007] Additionally, prices in the United States range much higher than in Britain, according to a recent U.S. General Accounting Office report.    The rise in the worldwide health crisis proves the philosophical malfunction of the international organizations to save lives decrease suffering. The subject has raised a number of issues on the pricing of drugs especially in poor countries gaining a lot of publicity when a case has been filed in South Africa court addressing the pharmaceutical companies to license their patents an announcement by Cipla, an Indian pharmaceutical firm that they would copy U.S. firms AIDS drugs sell them at sell them at cost to countries in Africa. [Rapp, 2002] Around 40 South African pharmaceutical companies are suing the South African government at the Pretoria High Court on March 5th to shield their profits ignoring the demise of millions of lives by HIV.   Ã‚   On the contrary, a realistic approach by the United Kingdom has been taken up leading to control, devoid of turmoil by a compromising agreement regarding the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme (PPRS) between the British government the U.K. pharmaceutical industry governing the Prices of medications for the next 5 years under the National Health Service (NHS) involving limitation of profits to 17 -21% of engaged funds as well as pricing freedom for new products. In the advanced countries, HIV AIDS infected people are living a better life, since they have better medical treatments available. In [Geffen, 2001] Justice Edwin Cameron also HIV positive stated that, There are people throughout Africa†¦and nearly 34 million people in our whole world who are this moment dying. And they [are] dying because they dont have the privilege that I have, of purchasing my health and life.   The pharmaceutical industry had 625 registered lobbyists in DC in the year 2001 in 1999-2000 a combined lobbying having budget of $197 million. [Rapp, 2002] An industry having so much power, they are more focused to gain more revenue. It is a fact that expensive drugs like Prozac Viagra are more easily available promoted than any other life saving drug. It is important that the drug industries develop some concern about the suffering humanity design some strategies to control the major health issues in the world today. The governmental authorities should take steps to motivate the firms to allocate special funds low priced medicines especially targeted towards deserving nations. REFERENCE Alan Berkman, The Global AIDS Crisis: Human Rights, International Pharmaceutical Markets and Intellectual Property Symposium [accessed 19 January 2008] http://www.healthgap.org/press_releases/02/031402_HGAP_ALAN_PP_IPR.pdf Robert Strain, The Pharmaceutical Paradox: Helping and Harming the Developing World [2007] University of Pennsylvania [accessed 19 January 2008] http://humanities.sas.upenn.edu/essay.shtml The AIDS Epidemic and Pharmaceutical Companies: Ethics, Stakeholders and Obligations [2005] issue 7- BBS Teaching Research Review [accessed 19 January 2008] www.uwe.ac.uk/bbs/trr/Issue7/is711.pdf Julie B. Milstien, Amie Batson and Albert I. Wertheimer, Vaccines and Drugs: Characteristics of Their Use to Meet Public Health Goals [March 2005] The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development [accessed 19 January 2008] http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Resources/281627-1095698140167/MilstienVaccinesDrugsFinal.pdf Access to medicines for the Developing World and the pharmaceutical industry [May 2005] EIRIS [accessed 19 January 2008] www.eiris.org/files/research%20publications/seeriskaccesstomedicine05.pdf The Pharmaceutical Industry and the AIDS Crisis in Developing Countries [Aug 13, 2001] Harvard Business School [accessed 19 January 2008] http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/b02/en/common/item_detail.jhtml?id=702010 Richard T. Rapp, Civilized Pharmaceutical Price Regulations: Can The U.S. Have It Too? [2001] [accessed 19 January 2008] http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv17n2/reg17n2-rapp.html Jordi Martorell, Drugs companies putting profits before millions of peoples lives [9 March 2001] [accessed 19 January 2008] http://www.marxist.com/drugs-companies-profits090301-4.htm Heather Watts, International Trade, Generic Drugs and the Developing World [April 12, 2002] Deeth Williams Wall LLP. All Rights Reserved. [accessed 19 January 2008] http://www.dww.com/?page_id=1050 Cecilia Oh, The health crisis in developing countries [accessed 19 January 2008] http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/twr131a.htm Warren V.,What Price AIDS Drugs? Developing Countries and Strategies for Paying for AIDS Drugs. Acad Health Serv Res Health Policy Meet. 2002; 19: 6. Nathan Geffen, Applying Human Rights to the HIV/AIDS Crisis [May 6, 2001] [accessed 19 January 2008] http://www.cceia.org/resources/publications/dialogue/2_06/articles/646.html Cheap AIDS drugs for poor countries [June 7, 2001] [accessed 19 January 2008] http://edition.cnn.com/BUSINESS/programs/yourbusiness/stories2001/aids.drug.price/

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Consequences of Teen Alcohol Use Essays -- Papers

We live in a society that drinks heavily, and this influences teens. Most Americans use alcohol to celebrate wedding anniversaries, to welcome the New Year, and to enjoy many other special events. Alcohol is a legal drug for people over the age of twenty-one. By the time most teens reach senior high school, nearly all will have faced a choice about whether or not to take a drink. Although this drug is illegal for teenage use a large percentage of teens use alcohol. Many teens die in automobile accidents, which could have prevented if they had chosen to say no. Each year it is blame in the deaths of more than four thousand teens (Claypool, p. 42). No crime kills more teenagers in America. Kids who are drinking regularly in high school seem to be fully aware of the penalties and laws against underage drinking, possession but don't care. They agree that driving while intoxicated is a key role in fatal car accidents, yet they still do it. Many teens also believe cold showers and coffee c an sober up a person that is drunk Teens may drink for many different reasons. A big reason for teens to start to drink is because of problems in their family life. Teens could have a bad relationship with their parents or their parents could get in a fight or even get a divorce and this could cause a drinking problem among their child. Many experts agree that the main reason teens are becoming alcoholics is low self-esteem. Sometimes these children have been neglected or abused which makes them feel unwanted or they have been pressured and feel worthless if they fail. They have to deal with problems that he is too immature to handle, or worries about problems, which are problems at all. Many kids drink to make them feel older and mature. It makes you ... ...ovide accurate information instead of attempting influence through social tactics. Alateen is a program for alcoholic recovery. Meetings are free, anonymous, and confidential. There primary purpose is to help families and friends of alcoholics recover from the effects of a drinking problem. The only requirement for membership is to have a problem of alcoholism. Members give and receive comfort and understanding through an exchange of experiences, strength, and hope (www.alateen.com). Defining the drinking problems of teenagers is more complicated than doing so for adults for several reasons. Since teens have had a shorter period of time and fewer opportunities to experience alcohol use, they suffer less from long term effects of heavy drinking. Most teens so not have to support themselves. If they may lose a job because of drinking it probably wouldn't be a problem.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Day V Caton

Day v. Caton 119 MASS. 513 1876 FACTS: Plaintiff Day built a wall between two adjacent estates in Boston and required defendant Carton to pay for a portion of the wall. On the other hand, defendant Caton claimed that there was no express contract between Plaintiff Day and himself whereas his silence did not insinuate any promise to pay anything for it. In the trial court, the jury found for Plaintiff Day and defendant Caton filed the appeal. ISSUE OR QUESTION:Was the fact sufficient of itself to establish the existence of a contract? Whether the silence of a party seeing services which actually the party got the benefit DECISION: Upheld REASON OR RULE 1) NO. The fact that the plaintiff expected to be paid for the work would certainly not be sufficient of itself to establish the existence of a contract. Because the plaintiff expected to be paid for the brick wall ,though the defendant did not know that the plaintiff was acting with that expectation. ) Yes. Although a promise to pay fo r the wall would not be implied from the fact,which the building of the wall was not in accordance with the request of the defendant,the silence of defendant Caton was treated as evidence of an acceptance of paying for the wall. The defendant had the opportunity to reject the building of the wall , instead, he stood by in silence and saw valuable services rendered upon his real estate by the erection of a structure.A PERSONAL COMMENT In this case, the jury found for Plaintiff Day. I also agree with the decision. However, I want to emphasize that I think this lawsuit can be avoided. If plaintiff Day and defendant Caton can write down an agreement before building the wall, they will have an express contract. Plaintiff Day also can acknowledge defendant Caton that he will require a payment. ZHIBO ZHOU 02/03/2012

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Haroon Siddiqui

The pages human history daubed in bloodshed of violence in the name of religion, territorial gains etc. are asking the crying question. How to make this Planet Earth heaven-like? The answer is simple and direct. Eyes full of understanding, heart full of love and the life that refuses conflicts—enough! These alone are enough! In the recorded history of humanity in the last five thousand years, politicians, kings, military generals, religious leaders have miserably failed to solve the important question of achieving peace for mankind. Most of them have acted like proverbial Tom.The teacher asked, â€Å"Tom, why are you answering every question with another question? † â€Å"Why not? † was Tom’s reply—again a question! If the purpose of the book is to tender some facts related to the Muslim population of the world in the light of the post 9/11 calamity, it has achieved some success. In terms of contribution to cementing understanding between other comm unities and the Muslims, it has failed. On issues related to Faith, arguments and counter-arguments have not solved and will never solve the differences. The root cause of deep misunderstanding lies elsewhere.Haroon begins the book with a complaint. He writes, â€Å"The approximately 27 million Muslims living in Western Nations have been targeted in other ways. They have been victims of social profiling and frequent identity mix-ups at air-ports and border crossing, where they may be harassed and sometimes detained. Monitored by both the secret services, and the media, they must be careful about what they say in e-mails, phone conversations in public. †(Siddiqui, 2006, p, 11) This complaint doesn’t carry much weight. These are normal procedures in cases of emergency, in war-like situations, and even during normal times.The 9/11 attack was an extraordinary, war-like act. There is no doubt, the perpetrators of this dastardly act are Muslims—to which terrorist outf it they belonged, is altogether a different issue. In such situations this has happened with all the communities in the world and any student of history can quote examples in abundance in support. Statistics convenient to his view point are presented by Haroon and his language is grudging and full of malice. His opinions are sometimes comparable to that of a fanatic Muslim Preacher sermonizing during the Friday prayers at the mosque but Haroon is talented and educated.The first 2 chapters contain anti-American and anti-Jew propaganda. It is pure political stuff, no literature. Haroon should have no complaints about his childhood. (Most of the Muslim children have). He hailed from an affluent family. He was born in Hyderabad, India, where Muslims very well know the meaning of living in peace and brotherhood. He enjoyed the career in journalism, in an environment of totally free press in a democratic country. He migrated to Canada in 1967, and the authentic start to his international journalistic career began when he joined the Toronto Star, as the foreign affairs analyst.Soon, he was one of Canada’s most honored journalists. He is a human rights specialist, has covered important events like hostage crisis in Iran, Iran-Iraq War, and has traveled to 35 countries. He has interviewed top political leaders of the world. To draw the readers to his point of view, Haroon provides in the book the listing of historical events that angered Muslims and continue to anger them. He reminds the readers that Muslims are 1/5th of the population of the world. He harps on the demerits of the Iraq War, and the psychological and physical tortures of Muslims in USA.To substantiate his claims, he cites serious cases of individual injustice. He writes, â€Å" The administration also fingerprinted and questioned 50,000 Muslims from or associated with Syria, Libya, Iran, Iraq and Sudan†¦Among those arrested was James Lee, a 1990 West Point Military Academy graduate and a Mu slim who was appointed the Muslim Chaplin at Gyantanama Bay. He was hounded because he had warned against mishandling of Muslim prisoners there. In September 2003, he was thrown into solitary confinement and charged with mutiny, sedition, espionage and aiding the enemy. † (Siddiqui, 2006, p. 16)From the academic perspective, this is a good book for the debate class, as it has the potentialities for endless and hot discussions. The contents of the book, like Politics, European Muslims, The Faith, Women, Jihad and terrorism, and the Future provide an array of topics for arguments and counter-arguments. To be fair to Haroon, he condemns with equal vehemence the Islamic fundamentalists, for fanning flames of Islamophobia. He defends the tenets of Islam—and that is what is expected of a good Muslim. He blames the local cultural traditions for the poor conditions and backwardness of the Muslim women, not the Islamic teachings.He advocates for rapid economic reformations of th e Muslims and advocates their rehabilitation, the need to protect their essential dignity and honor. He pleads to go into the root causes of Muslim-misery. He describes with objectivity and depth, what it is to live in post 9/11 America if one is a Muslim. Haroon’s interpretation and comments on Jihad will startle any Realized Soul. Such is his deep understanding of the Jihad concept. Jihad is a struggle, a crusade, he says. From the pure perspective of Muslim religion, it is to strive on the path of God by observing the five essentials of Islam.It is striving to live as a good human being. Haroon talks about the jihad against oneself, ipso facto, the Self-Realization mentioned in the Hindu Scriptures. Jihad is understood in terms of war by most of the Westerners. The common Muslim also understands the concept of Jihad as per this connotation. Actually it is something different says, Haroon. According to him, the jihad is the struggle against the ego, the devil, the jihad of the tongue (propagating the religious tenets of Islam) to spread the word of Islam, of charity, of the pen to spread of knowledge. Viewed from this angle, Jihad seems to be the most benevolent word.When the Westerner thinks about the word jihad, he mostly thinks about as the blood-dripping sword for the cause of spreading Islam and for the destruction of other faiths. But Haroon convinces one that it is the fragrant rose spreading peace on all counts. So bi it! But Muslims as well as non-Muslims need proper counseling about the correct connotation of the word Jihad in the light of explanations given by Haroon. So, Jihad against cleanliness, Jihad for literacy, Jihad against corruption, Jihad against drugs, Jihad against atrocities against women, Jihad against child-labor—why not!Muslims praying five times a day seems an unnecessary exercise for many. But the actual significance of namaz is highlighted by Haroon thus: â€Å"Prayers are designed to raise God-consciousness five times a day, throughout one’s life. Prayers also provide regular exercise – like yoga or Tai Chi or Qigong built into the day – and serve as a calming retreat from the daily demands of life. Muslims thus learn to balance deeni wa dunyavi (the spiritual and the worldly). They can’t abandon one for the other; that’s the essence of their faith. †(Siddiqui, 2006, p. 121) Conclusion:Haroon Siddiqui is a mind-level intellectual and any literary work by such individuals stop at the mind-barrier. But the Truth they are desperately trying to reach is available not for knowing, but for experiencing once one transcends the mind. All the fights, misunderstandings between the Politicians, Preachers of different faiths, Scholars are related to the level of reason. The thought processes of an individual change not by the repetition of scriptural revelations, not by reading or studying more and more books. Experiencing is the ultimate spirituality.It is the lesson beyond all lessons, when the thought processes of an individual change. When the thought processes change, the action process will also change. Misunderstanding of all types will vanish. Such changed action processes will change the society whether it is the Muslim society or the Western Society. Haroon, on many issues elucidated in the book, knocks desperately at the last barrier of the mind, but he is unable to cross it. ============= Works Cited: Siddiqui, Haroon: Book: Being Muslim Hardcover: 144 pages Publisher: Groundwood Books (Aug 17 2006) Language: English ISBN-10: 088899785X ISBN-13: 978-0888997852

Thursday, November 7, 2019

A Book Review of The Struggle essays

A Book Review of The Struggle essays Book Review of The Struggle for Black Equality: 1954 - 1992 The Struggle for Black Equality is an outstanding history of the civil rights movement. The book recounts the growth of the 20th Century Civil Rights Movement from the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision, through the Southern segregation of the 1960's, to predominant urban problems of the 1990's. The work covers important aspects of key leadership, founding of civil rights organizations, historic incidents, political adversaries, advocates, resistance defeats, eventual triumph of Civil Rights and subsequent contemporary discrimination. The author explains that the appointment of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference fit the need for Southern African Americans to become preeminent in the movement, which before the founding of the SCLC and additional civil rights organizations was chiefly the domain of Northerners (Sitkoff, 56). "Now the Southern churches provided the movement with a stable base,"1 that firmly established non violence at it's core. Sitkoff's analysis of the Civil Rights Era accurately illustrates the social protest of the period with broad clarity, including an authoritative account of the momentous Montgomery bus boycott. The work well noted that the Rosa Parks, December 1955 bus event "unified the black community."2 whose solidarity and resolve was expressed for over a year, throughout the boycott of Montgomery's city buses. The author depicts the men, women and children of the civil rights revolution as ordinary people living in extraordinary times. Book Review of The Struggle for Black Equality: 1954 - 1992 Many of the movement's advocates were revealed as fearful political progressives longing to preserve peace. Sitkoff divulged leaders often revered as civil rights champions such as President John F. Kennedy and Attorney General Robert Kennedy believed Jim Crow was wrong,...

Monday, November 4, 2019

President truman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

President truman - Essay Example He had assumed office at a time when the WWII had ended and the country’s priority had shifted from the war to domestic challenges which were multifold and needed to be addressed at the earliest. Truman’s Fair deal reforms basically addressed the 4 main areas of concern. According to Truman, the reforms program ‘symbolizes for me my assumption of the office of President in my own right’ (whitehouse.com). It became known as the Fair Deal. The foremost was the unemployment. The America had recently come out with the long depression and even though its economy was growing by leaps and bound, labor situation was still grim and with war veterans coming back as heroes, the unemployment situation urgently needed to be addressed. Truman’s FDR enacted Employment Act in 1946 that was designed to provide full employment through creation of job opportunities and at the same time increased the minimum wages significantly to improve the living standard of the average Americans. Truman also introduced Housing Act that helped to remove slums and promoted affordable housing through low income houses, making special provision for war veterans. He also lengthened the rent control till 1951 to help those who were living in rented premises. Truman was the only president who really went out of his way to implement his welfare policies and introduce reforms, irrespective of the opposition in Congress thus earning the displeasure of many of his own colleagues. He had increased the social security provisions for the elderly and created committees and council of economic experts that would study and suggest measures to stabilize and improve overall economic conditions. Another very important area that Truman focused on was agriculture and farmers. Like President Roosevelt, Truman was also very concerned about the deteriorating conditions of farmers. His FDR1 made provisions for farmers and ensured standard

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Analyze movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyze movie - Essay Example mummy has brought so many questions to light with regards not only to how worthy these claims are but also to the ancient way of life of the past ancestors. The discovery of a man having a copper ax at a time when such thing was not a thing of imagination also begs the question of how accurate the historical dating and recordings are. Many hypotheses were put to explain the discovery of a body in the mount Alps buried in the glacier, the nature of his death and the accuracy of the scientific technology (James). This amazing discovery is what prompted the scripting and finally production of the movie bearing the title â€Å"Iceman Murder Mystery’’. The movie bears all the processes that were involved from the discovery to the final autopsy procedures conducted on the mummified copse of Otzi. The movie however, according to how it was directed depicts or portrays a different theme all together. According to my understanding, the movie tries to portray the fact that human nature remains the same despite the level of advancement achieved in technology and thinking. For this reason, I tend to share a common understanding with Eduard Egarter Vigl on the connection he felt with the Mummy after looking at his face, position of the body and mortality in general. For this reason, was I to be the director of the movie, I would have named or titled it â€Å"Otzi the Stone Age modern man: A Reflection Of human Socio-cultural connectedness to the Past†. The movie in my observation was cast to reflect in the human nature that never changes despite the number of years that pass by. This is supported by almost all the theories that were put forward to explain the cause of death of the Mummy. The theory that now support this argument even further is the one that is seen to be favoured most about the death resulting from not, an animal, not another skirmishes, not any falling glacier but a person from the inside of where Otzi was coming from. This though not well explained in the

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Strategic Management Of Ford Company Assignment

Strategic Management Of Ford Company - Assignment Example The Ford Motor Company was founded by Henry Ford in 1903. At its incorporation, the company had twelve investors. The company has since grown and currently has ownership of Lincoln line of vehicles as well as a sizeable stake in Mazda. Ford currently ranks fourth in accordance with Forbes list of 2014’s biggest auto companies after Toyota, the Volkswagen Group and Daimler which rank first, second and third respectively. Currently, Ford sells its vehicles all over the world but its predominant market remains the United States. Stakeholder Model: FordFreeman, who is considered the â€Å"father of the stakeholder concept†, developed a number of definitions for the term stakeholder. In one, he considers a stakeholder to be any group or individual that prevails over or is prevailed upon by an organization’s operations. In another definition, he states that stakeholders are those groups that are vital to the sustenance and prosperity of a company (Fontaine, Antoine & S tefan 2006). Under the stakeholder model, a value creation concept exists that thinks of stakeholders as any person or group that increases value to an organization or, in dealing with the company, assumes some form of risk. Ford pinpoints its stakeholders through assiduous internal discussions during the inception phases of their sustainability agenda development. The company pays significance focus to its stakeholders and the value they offer it in its quest to dominate the motor industry.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Case Study Essay Example for Free

The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Case Study Essay 1. How did DFCI come about? The Dana-Faber, as it is commonly known, was originally established as the Children’s Cancer Research Foundation in 1947 by Dr. Sidney Farber, then a pathologist at Boston’s Children’s Hospital. In the 1940’s the only treatment for cancer were surgical removal of tumors and radiation therapy. Cancers that had metastasized were regarded as incurable. Dr. Farber’s vision was that children’s cancer, particularly systemic cancers such as leukemia, could be cured if researchers and clinicians worked as a team. He envisioned the union of research laboratories and patient care. As David Nathan, CEO of the Dana- Faber since 1995, explained, â€Å"The problems of the patients would be brought up to the labs and ideas from the labs would go down to the patients.† The history of the Dana-Faber is intimately tied to history of its funding. Initial funding for the Children’s Cancer Research Foundation came from the Variety Club of New England. In 1948, the Variety Club organized a radio broadcast from the bedside of a young patient with lymphoma known as â€Å"Jimmy† as he was visited by members of the Boston Braves baseball team. The donations that poured in to buy Jimmy a TV set on which to watch Braves’ games were the beginning of the subsequently became the official charity of the Boston Red Sox, Ted Williams and the Massachusetts Chiefs of Police Association. In 1974, the institution’s name was changed to the Sidney Faber Cancer Center to honor its founder, and in 1983, the name was changed to the Dana-Faber Cancer Institute to acknowledge the major contributions made over twenty years by the Charles A. Dana Foundation. The first Children’s Cancer Research Foundation facility, the Jimmy Fund building, was built in 1951 and housed research laboratories. It was expanded in the 1960s to include outpatient services, mostly for children. According to Dr. Faber’s original vision, the organization was to consist of research laboratories and outpatient clinics, but not inpatient beds. Inpatient care was provided at Children’s Hospital. However, as research and patient care grew to include adult patients, the doctors at the Dana-Faber were faced with the problem of where to admit adult patients. In particular, the new technique of bone marrow transplant (BMT) required the patient services of a general hospital. A joint program existed between the  Dana-Faber and the Hematology Department at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital. However when the BWH would not permit Dana-Faber physicians to admit patients and retain control of their clinical care, the Dana-Faber decided to open its own inpatient service, initially for BMT patients in 1979, and later, for general oncology patients. In fact, the system for hospital reimbursement in effect since 1983 favored the opening of inpatient beds at the Dana-Faber. General hospitals, such as the Brigham and Women’s, are reimbursed for all Medicare and many non-Medicare patients on a DRG basis. On the other hand, specialty hospitals, such as the Dana-Faber, were permitted to charge Medicare and other insurer’s full costs. This revenue allowed the Dana-Faber to finance its expansion. The institute roughly doubled in size between 1985 and 1995. In 1995, the Dana-Farber had 57 licensed beds, 2,088 inpatient admissions and 55,427 outpatient visits. 2.What was the hospital’s primary mission The Dana-Faber, as it is commonly known, was originally established as the Children’s Cancer Research Foundation in 1947 by Dr. Sidney Farber, then a pathologist at Boston’s Children’s Hospital. In the 1940’s the only treatment for cancer were surgical removal of tumors and radiation therapy. Cancers that had metastasized were regarded as incurable. Dr. Farber’s vision was that children’s cancer, particularly systemic cancers such as leukemia, could be cured if researchers and clinicians worked as a team. He envisioned the union of research laboratories and patient care. As David Nathan, CEO of the Dana- Faber since 1995, explained, â€Å"The problems of the patients would be brought up to the labs and ideas from the labs would go down to the patients.† 3.How did the mission evolve? 4.Explain Phase I II clinical research trials. Phase I and II trails are designed to understand the effects of a drug in the human body. They examine the toxicity and effectiveness of the drug and the way that the body metabolizes the drug. Phase I trails require that blood  samples be drawn as often as every few minutes for a period of several hours. Phase II trials are undertaken after a drug has been tested in a small group of people and the correct dosage has been established. They examine the efficacy of the treatment in a larger sample of patients. Phase II trails compare this drug treatment to patients who are receiving conventional therapy. All trails are implemented using a research protocol, a lengthy and detailed document that describes the following: 1.The objectives of the research and its rationale 2.The details of the drugs to be administered (dosage, frequency and route of administration), including the way in which the correct dose is to be calculated for any individual patient 3.The treatment to be administered (either investigational or conventional) 4.The criteria by which eligible patients are identified as potential candidates for the trail 5.The method of randomly assigning patients to the intervention and control arms of the trail 6.The endpoints being measured 7.The way in which the wellbeing of patients will be monitored over time (type and frequency of labs tests). 5.Explain how chemotherapy works. Cancers whose growth is restricted to a local area can be removed surgically. Those that are localized, such as malignancies of the blood and cancers that have already spread to distant sites are treated with chemotherapy. Most chemotherapeutic agents block essential process by which cells replicate, and therefore kills all replicating cells. Because cells in the cancer are replicating at a greater rate than noncancerous cells, the cancerous cells are killed preferentially. But chemotherapeutic agents are also harmful to normal cells, especially those with higher rates of turnover, such as the cells lining the intestines and white blood cells, a component of the immune system. Common side effects of chemotherapy include immune suppression, nausea and hair loss. The extent of these side effects is related to the dose of the drugs. Less common toxicities related to these drugs include heart and ling dysfunction. Chemotherapy is usually delivered in courses, each lasting several days, every few weeks. The time  off the drugs allows normal tissues time to recover. White blood cells numbers decrease after each course of chemotherapy and recover in the intervening days. Each course is preceded by blood test to check that the white blood cell numbers are back up to the normal range, and that heart, liver, and kidney function are not disturbed. The dose of chemotherapy s calculated based in the body surface area of the patient (milligrams per meter squared), which is calculated from the patient’s height and weight. Patients are weighed prior to each course of therapy. Doses of chemotherapy can be expressed by either daily of courses doses. The course doses are the sum of the daily doses. Because of the will known side effects of the chemotherapy, patients are given additional medications, such as anti- nausea drugs. 6.What is the process that the nurse goes through when a new patient arrives? Upon arriving at an inpatient unit, a patient met his primary nurse and was formally admitted to the unit. Each new patient was assigned a primary nurse and two or three associate nurses. The primary nurse was the patient’s first point of contact with this unit. The associate nurses cared for the patient when the primary nurse was off duty. The first thing that the primary nurse did, prior to administering chemotherapy, was to check the patient’s consent form. The original was kept in the patient’s medical record, and a copy was kept in the protocol binder in the physician’s dictation room. Next, the nurse determined whether or not the patient was being treated under a research protocol. The only way she could do that was to look at the physician orders that the patient often carried with him when he arrived on the unit. Medication order was also often written after the patient arrived on the unit. The nurse manager information or research protocols unless previously notified by the oncology fellow. If the research protocol was not with the physician’s orders in the patient’s record, the admitting nurse looked for a copy in the files on the unit or went to the Protocol Office. For common protocols, nurses frequently carried index cards listing the details of the treatment. If the protocol was new the nurse might have to look up additional information on the purpose and design of the protocol. Finally, in admitting a new  patient, the nurse measured the patient’s height and weight, and calculated the body surface area. With this she verified the calculations of the chemotherapy dosage. She also checked the dosage of the other agents, either by looking in the hospital formulary, other standard references, or the research protocol. Before beginning any therapy the nurse checked the results of the blood test that the patient had when he arrived at the Dana-Faber. When the nurse received the bag of the chemotherapeutic agent from the pharmacy she cross checked the label on the bag with the drug order sheet in the patient’s drug book. Having confirmed that the drug and dose written on the label of the bag matched the order in the drug book and that the patient’s name on the drug sheet and bag matched the name on the patient’s identification arm band, the nurse began infusing the solution of chemotherapy. The duration of the chemotherapy of ten spanned several nursing shifts. Each nurse coming on duty went through the same confirmation process just described. She checked the patient name, drug and dose on the label of the bag, the drug order book, and the patient’s consent form, and recalculated the dosage, but she did not necessarily check the original drug order. 7.What kinds of safeguards are present in the process of administering chemotherapy to patients? Chemotherapy is usually delivered in courses, each lasting several days, every few weeks. The time off the drugs allows normal tissues time to recover. White blood cells numbers decrease after each after each course of chemotherapy and recover in the intervening days. Each course is preceded by blood test to check that the white blood cell numbers are back up to the normal range, and that heart, liver, and kidney function are not disturbed. The dose of chemotherapy s calculated based in the body surface area of the patient (milligrams per meter squared), which is calculated from the patient’s height and weight. Patients are weighed prior to each course of therapy. Doses of chemotherapy can be expressed by either daily of courses doses. The course doses are the sum of the daily doses. Because of the will known side effects of the chemotherapy, patients are given additional medications, such as anti- nausea drugs. 8.Explain occurrence screens. Quality assurance (QA) activities were similar to many hospitals nationwide, largely because they are mandated by state agencies such as the Board of Registration in Medicine and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Public Health, as well as the JCAHO. Each department undertook quality monitoring and improvement activities. For clinical care, quality assurance information was collected in several ways. After discharge, medical records were reviewed manually by a medical technologist who was jointly employed by the QA and Infections Control departments. She screened the record for evidence of any one of 20 adverse events, such as death, re-admission, pneumothorax secondary to an invasive procedure, and central lines improperly placed. These events were called â€Å"occurrence screens.† In addition, adverse events were monitored through an â€Å"incident reporting† system. Nurses working in the patient care area would fill out a standard from whenever there was an unexpected incident or negative outcome, such as a patient fall or a medication error. Some incidents were reported by phone call. The supervisor of the area concerned had to complete a few questions about the response to the incident, sign the form and pass it on to the QA department. As Karen Nelson, Director of the QA department said â€Å"99% of these said ‘nurse was counseled’.† 9.What were some of the issues noted in the case study that might have led to this incident? She was admitted to the Dana-Faber for her third round of high dose chemotherapy on November 14th, 1994. Her treatment involved a bone marrow transplant. The purpose of high dose chemotherapy is to kill tumor cells, but it also kills healthy bone marrow. Therefore, healthy bone marrow was removed and held in reserve prior to high dose chemotherapy and then re-injected after the chemotherapy. The treatment used was a very high dose of a common chemotherapy agent, cyclophosphamide. The dose was so high that normal bone marrow would be killed. In addition to the common side effects of hair loss and gastrointestinal upset, high dose cyclophosphamide was known to be toxic to the heart. Lehman was participating in a clinical trail and so, in addition, received the anti- ulcer drug cimetidine, which had been shown in animal studies to boost the effect of cyclophosphamide. 10.If you were Dr. Sallen, how would you have addressed this incident initially and then ultimately?

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Plato and Aristotle Essay

Plato and Aristotle Essay What is happiness? Happiness is a way of engaging in the various activities of life. Can happiness allow people to live the good life? Aristotle believed that happiness can allow people to live the good life. This essay will be examining the ethics of Plato (428-347 BCE) and Aristotle (384-322 BCE) to analyse, justify and compare the major concepts of the two philosophers therein. I will argue that Aristotles solution to the problem of the good life is a better answer than Plato. It will summarise the fundamental concepts of Platos and Aristotles ethical theories, before providing my own opinion on their ethics. Plato: Plato was a philosopher who was both a rationalist and an absolutist in ethics. He was a rationalist because he believed that people can discover knowledge or justification by reason alone and for no circumstances that the knowledge can be wrong (http://philosophy.tamu.edu/~sdaniel/Notes/plato.html). Plato held the belief that human reasoning ability is the condition that allows people to approach the Forms (in Greek, idea). For Plato, human beings live in a world of visible and intelligible things. The visible world is what we see, hear and experience. This visible world is a world of change and uncertainty which means that we have to seek for it only in the realm of the mind in order to find any absolute certain knowledge. Platos rationalism dissimulates his absolutism. He was an absolutist, in that he believed that there is one and only one good life for all to lead since goodness is not dependent upon human inclinations (Popkin, Stroll, 1999, p.4). It is an absolute and exists in dependently of mankind. Thus this had made him believe that If a person knows what the good life is, he/she would not act immorally (Philosophy Made Simple, 1999, p.3). In order to live the good life people must be schooled to acquire certain kinds of knowledge. This training will give them the capacity to know the nature of the good life, since evil is due to lack of knowledge. However, Aristotle had a different perspective to Platos belief of what the good life is and how should people act. Aristotle: Aristotle was a philosopher who was both an empiricist and a relativist in ethics. Aristotle was an empiricist, in that he examined the behaviour and talk of various people in everyday life. He discovered that various lives, which people of common sense considered to be good, all contain one common characteristic: happiness. Aristotle concluded that the good life for people is a life of happiness. Aristotle defines happiness as an activity of the soul in accord with perfect virtue (Philosophy Made Simple, 1999, p.8). Aristotle considered that pleasure is essential for a person to live a happy life. Aristotle uses a formula called the Doctrine of the Mean or the preferred name Golden Mean to answer how people should behave in order to achieve happiness. Moderation in all things is the Doctrine of the Mean. This leads to the fact that Aristotle was a relativist, in that he believed that there was more than one good life for people. He stated that we must have virtues of moderation whic h are different for each individual. The virtues are the virtues of moderation as this was how Aristotle perceived it as. By definition, virtue is a means between two extremes, an excess and a defect, with respect to a particular action or emotion (The Purple Philosophy Book: Ethics, p.21). This demonstrates that the mean is not the mathematical definition, average. Knowing what the Golden Mean is, will allow an individual to develop self-control. People must strive for the mean between two extremes: courage is the mean between rashness and cowardice. Also people must act moderately in order to achieve happiness. (http://www.plosin.com/work/AristotleMean.html) Appraisal: I would now like to share my opinion and perspective on how I perceive the theories of Plato and Aristotle. In my view, the better solution to the problem of the good life is Aristotles relativism, rather than Hobbess absolutism. Firstly, Platos argument about the good life is flawed for a number of reasons. The first reason I will analyse is whether his inference If a person knows what the good life is, he/she would not act immorally (Philosophy Made Simple, 1999, p.3) is justified. I believe that Platos account must be rejected because a person could still act evilly even though they know and understand what the right course of action is. For example, if a person knows stealing is wrong but stills commit the crime, then this casts Platos argument in doubt. Aristotles view on the human nature, on contrary, is that what is right for one person is not necessarily right for another, since he believed that there was more than one good life for people (http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/rar/PvA .htm). An example for this is that a person can be more or less courageous than others. When interpreting the theories of both philosophers, it is clear to me that Aristotles view of human nature is far more superior to Plato. This is because Aristotle showed a more realistic view of human nature than Plato about the good life. Therefore, it is evident that Aristotles solution to the problem of the good life is a better answer than Plato. Secondly, Plato suggests that moral difficulties in many cases are theoretically solvable by the acquisition of further knowledge. There seems to be situations in which moral difficulties are not theoretically solvable by the acquisition of further knowledge. For example, a person knows all the relevant facts that inventing a nuclear bomb will be able to kill 1,000,000 people which will then end and shorten the war by years. On the other hand, if the person knows the effects of dropping a nuclear bomb, it will then make the area uninhabitable for numerous years. The situation seems analogous to many problems which soldiers face. Should we or should not drop the nuclear bomb? In this situation, the acquisition of further information will not be able to help the person to solve this moral difficulty. In this account, Platos theory cannot be accepted, since he has mistaken moral knowledge with scientific and mathematical knowledge. Therefore, it is evident that Platos argument about the good life and moral difficulties are like mathematical problems are flawed for a number of reasons. I believe that Aristotles argument about the Golden Mean is flawed for a number of reasons. For the first reason I will analyse whether his inference that everyone always ought to follow the middle course between certain kinds of activities (Philosophy Made Simple, 1999, p.11) is justified. There are some situations that do not have a middle course. (http://www.plosin.com/work/AristotleMean.html) For example, there is no middle for keeping a promise and breaking a promise. Furthermore, moderation is not always appropriate, since some situations require extreme behaviour. Some people have passionate and flamboyant personalities. For example, a person may find that moderation behaviour does not suit him/her as the person may be temporarily passionate about his/her occupation. Therefore, it is evident that Aristotles Golden Mean is flawed in this case. In conclusion, Aristotles argument about the good life demonstrates that the good life is a life of happiness. Platos however, does not; as he believed that people needs certain kinds of knowledge of the good life in order to live the good life. From the reasons above, Aristotles solution to the problem of the good life is a better answer than Plato. On the other hand, Aristotles Golden Mean would not work. However Platos absolutism will work in the situation in keeping a promise and breaking a promise. From the reasons stated above Platos absolutism will be a better answer than Aristotles relativism.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Definition Essay - Does Art Defy Definition :: Expository Definition Essays

Definition Essay - Does Art Defy Definition? According to Webster’s Dictionary, art is â€Å"human expression of objects by painting, etc† (10). The words â€Å"human experience† adds meaning to art. Artists reveal their inner thoughts and feelings through their work. When we study a painting by Salvador Dali, the strange objects and the surrealist background portrays the eccentricity of the painter. Some ideas cannot be explained verbally. They can only be shown via a medium. We can get across what is in our minds or our hearts by a stroke of a brush, a drop of paint, a row of words, or something else. But to express ourselves, we do not need to limit what we call art. We encounter art everyday. Art is paintings and sculptures, music and dance, film and photography. It is also fashion designing and architecture, novels and magazines. These seemingly different things have one thing in common – they are all ways in which humans convey themselves. For thousands of years, humans have used symbols to tell a story or describe a struggle. Art is the use of these symbols, symbols that represent us in some distinct way. Unlike science, art is subjective. The artist leaves behind a part of himself in his work. Therefore, each piece has its own distinct perspective. Frida Kahlo’s self-portraits show her view on her life, on how she has faced so many struggles, yet managed to be a strong person. When we see or hear or read an artistic creation, it produces a mood such as calm or loud, fear or safety. For example, the Eiffel Tower gives Paris a majestic awe; everyone who passes by feels the strength of the 113-year-old grand structure. Art also has a texture. Photographs reveal much through their textures; grainy surfaces often make the picture more realistic while smooth ones seem softer. When we hear a piece of music or see a film, a rhythm carries us from one part to another. Not just true for these two genres, rhythm is present in any artistic work. These few properties are characteristic of everything we encounter in the world of art, the world of human expression. Most have othe r special features also. Most of the time, though, we do not think about these characteristics because we do not have enough time to pay attention to anything for more than a few seconds.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

A View from the Bridge. By Arthur Miller Essay

A View from the Bridge is a play by American playwright Arthur Miller. The play is set in 1950s America, in an Italian American neighborhood called Red Hook near the Brooklyn Bridge in New York. The main character of the play is Eddie Carbone, an Italian American longshoreman, who lives with his wife, Beatrice and an orphaned niece named Catherine. Eddie is Catherine’s uncle, but they are not blood-related. Eddie is very over-protective of Catherine and that he is almost possessive of her. He gets jealous very easily when other men look at Catherine. Eddie’s feelings for Catherine are very strong and he may also have sexual feelings for her. At the beginning of the play, Eddie and Catherine have a very intimate and happy relationship. Eddie has given her the best life he can afford, and in return Catherine loves and trusts him completely. However, their situation changes quite rapidly once Beatrice’s cousins arrive from Italy. After their arrival, a gap seems to form between Eddie and Catherine. Eddie gradually becomes obsessed with trying to stop destiny from changing his life. This obsession soon leads to the violation of every moral he has ever believed in. In Act I of the play, we see that Catherine has a desire to be noticed by Eddie. Her excitement when he arrives home is almost childlike. Catherine also has a desperate requirement of approval she seeks from her uncle. â€Å"You like it? I fixed it different. † Her thirst to be accepted by him seems unnatural. On the contrary Eddie seems to enjoy Catherine in need of his attention, as he continuously draws the topic of conversation back to her. The conversation turns from â€Å"†¦ He’s here B.! † from Catherine, to â€Å"Beautiful†¦Lemme see in the back† from Eddie. It is also that at this very early point in the play we might get suspicious of Eddie’s true feelings for Catherine. This is a result of his constant comments on her physical appearance. While Eddie’s references to her short skirt and her ‘ walkin’ wavy’, could just be a protective father’s worries about the attention she is getting from other men, his intentions are still questionable. When Catherine tells Eddie that she got offered a job, Eddied asks questions and becomes very over-protective, ‘Near the Navy Yard plenty can happen in a block and a half. And the plumbin’ company! That’s one step over the water front. They’re practically longshoremen. ’ Eddie knows that men are going to be looking at Catherine because longshoremen and sailors would be walking up the wards. He does not like the idea of her working in a place where there would be men, who he knows from his own experiences, could take advantage of his pure and innocent Catherine. Eddie shows that this is how he thinks of her, when he calls her ‘a Madonna’. The way in which Miller uses the word ‘Madonna’ is symbolic as just like the Virgin Mary, who most Catholics worship, in his own way Eddie does almost idolize and worship Catherine. When Eddie finally allows her to accept the job, Catherine’s reaction is very childlike in the way she does not control her emotions. She runs up to Eddie and hugs him. This shows the intensity of Catherine’s love and respect for Eddie. This is not only because of her reply to Eddie when he jokes about her leaving him, but because of the way she ‘grasps’ onto his arms, as she shouts out ‘no please! ‘ The very idea of going away from Eddie hurts her. The next scene is the arrival of Beatrice’s cousins, Marco and Rodolfo, who have entered the country illegally, hoping to leave behind hunger and unemployment for a better life in America. Marco is an exceptionally strong man, said by Eddie’s friends to be ‘a regular bull. ‘ He also has a starving family in Italy (a wife, and 3 sons, one with tuberculosis). Rodolfo is in his late 20’s, fair skinned, blond, and unmarried. After their arrival, Catherine starts showing interest in Rodolfo which makes Eddie jealous. Eddie notices this fascination and tries to pre-occupy Catherine with making coffee and other tasks. Later in the conversation when Rodolfo begins to sing ‘paper doll’, Eddie realizes that Catherine is impressed in him and decides that he has to stop him. He makes up the excuse, ‘Look, kid; you don’t want to be picked up, do ya? ’ Eddie says that if Rodolfo sings, people might hear him and he might get ‘picked up’ by the Immigration Bureau. This is just an excuse because Eddie does not want Rodolfo to be impressing Catherine. As the play progresses towards the end of the first act, Catherine and Rodolfo start to go out. As a result Eddie discusses with Catherine about her feelings towards Rodolfo to which she replies by saying, ‘Yeah. I like him’. Eddie is amazed by Catherine’s straightforwardness and as he dislikes Rodolfo, he poisons Catherine’s mind against Rodolfo and tried to turn her against him, by coming up with excuses such as, ‘He don’t respect you’. He says that Rodolfo did not ask him for permission to go out and is disrespecting him. When Catherine denies this, Eddie makes up yet, another excuse, ‘Katie, he’s only bowin’ to his passport’ which means that. Rodolfo is only going to marry her just so that he can become an American citizen, which deeply hurts Catherine and almost poisons her mind against Rodolfo. Towards the end of Act One, Eddie cleverly introduces the subject of boxing, which is fittingly a masculine activity for Eddie, and while pretending to teach Rodolfo how to box, he hits him in the mouth. Eddie believes that he can prove himself right to Catherine by fighting Rodolfo. For Eddie, this demonstrates to Catherine that Rodolfo is weak and feminine while he is the stronger and masculine one. When Rodolfo falls down, Catherine rushes to Rodolfo’s side which horrifies Eddie as he clearly sees where Catherine’s loyalties lie as she shouts ‘Eddie’, which displays her anger. Eddie was trying to put Rodolfo out of picture as he was ‘stealing’ Catherine away from him. Eddie then tells Rodolfo, ‘I’ll teach him again. ’ which could have a double meaning as it could mean another lesson in boxing, or a lesson not to go near Catherine again. This also shows that as the play is progressing, Eddie’s actions are becoming more aggressive. In conclusion, at the end of Act One, Eddie’s love for Catherine has become aggression towards Rodolfo. Eddie’s anger and stress is building up which is told to us by the stage direction of Eddie ‘unconsciously twisting the newspaper’. Here, Eddie is transferring his feeling of anger and frustration to the newspaper. He twists the paper into a tight roll and then bends it which suddenly tears in two. The newspaper represents Rodolfo and he is therefore tearing Rodolfo and getting rid off him. This is what Eddie actually wants to do to Rodolfo.